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In recent decades, economists studying international trade have gained access to an unprecedented volume and variety of data. These data have provided new insights and a more granular understanding of the mechanics of trade. Analyzing a large corpus of papers, we document that the nature of research has also shifted. Previously, the typical trade paper was either purely theoretical or an empirical paper testing theoretical predictions. More recently, scholarship has shifted toward a more integrated approach, particularly quantitative modeling. This development is surprising. We might have expected the data revolution (and contemporaneous credibility revolution) to increase the share of primarily empirical papers—although the markers of these revolutions are clearly evident in the rise of causal inference within empirical work. This article reviews these developments, assessing the strengths and limitations of different modes of inquiry, and plotting a path forward to harness the growing richness of data within the field.
