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This paper develops a pseudo-event study approach for estimating
child penalties using cross-sectional data. The approach produces
estimates that align closely with those obtained from true event
studies using panel data and is statistically more precise. This allows
for providing more granular evidence and study mechanisms.
The paper presents a detailed investigation of the variation in child
penalties across time, geography, and demographic/cultural groups
in the US. There is large variation in these dimensions. Using a
variety of approaches—including epidemiological studies of movers
and immigrants—the paper finds that gender norms have sizable
effects on child penalties.
